TradePolicyToolsforClimateActionTRADEPOLICYTOOLSFORCLIMATEACTION|1TableofcontentsAcronymsandabbreviations2ForewordbyDirector-GeneralNgoziOkonjo-Iweala4Introduction6Executivesummary7Policytools#1Tradefacilitation13#2Governmentprocurement16#3Regulationsandcertification19#4Services22#5Importtariffs25#6Subsidies29#7Tradefinance32#8Foodandagriculture35#9Sanitaryandphytosanitarymeasures39#10Internaltaxationandcarbonpricing42Bibliography47WTOSecretariatpublicationsontradeandclimatechange522|TRADEPOLICYTOOLSFORCLIMATEACTIONAcronymsandabbreviationsADanti-dumpingADBAsianDevelopmentBankAPECAsia-PacificEconomicCooperationCCvhconventionalcombustionvehiclesCO2carbondioxideCTECommitteeonTradeandEnvironmentCVcountervailingEBRDEuropeanBankforReconstructionandDevelopmentEDBWTOEnvironmentalDatabaseEVselectricvehiclesFAOUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationGATTGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeGDPgrossdomesticproductGGPgreengovernmentprocurementGHGgreenhousegasesGPAGovernmentProcurementAgreementGtCO2egigatonnesofequivalentcarbondioxideGWgigawattsHS22HarmonizedCommodityDescriptionandCodingSystem2022IEAInternationalEnergyAgencyIFCInternationalFinanceCorporationIISDInternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopmentIMFInternationalMonetaryFundIPCCIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeLcvehlow-carbonvehiclesLDCleastdevelopedcountryMC1212thMinisterialConferenceNAPsnationaladaptationplansNDCsnationallydeterminedcontributionsOECDOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentPVphotovoltaicR&DresearchanddevelopmentRErenewableenergySCMAgreementAgreementonSubsidiesandCountervailingMeasuresSDGsSustainableDevelopmentGoalsSGAgreementSafeguardsAgreementSMEssmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesSPSsanitaryandphytosanitarySTDFStandardsandTradeDevelopmentFacilityTFATradeFacilitationAgreementTPRsTradePolicyReviewsUNCTADUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopmentUNDPUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeUNEPUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeWCOWorldCustomsOrganizationWEFWorldEconomicForumWHOWorldHealthOrganizationWTOWorldTradeOrganizationTRADEPOLICYTOOLSFORCLIMATEACTION|3DisclaimerThispublicationhasbeenpreparedundertheWTOSecretariat’sownresponsibility.ItdoesnotnecessarilyreflectthepositionsoropinionsofWTOmembersandiswithoutprejudicetotheirrightsandobligationsundertheWTOagreements.TheopinionsexpressedandargumentsemployedhereinarenotintendedtoprovideanyauthoritativeorlegalinterpretationoftheprovisionsoftheWTOagreementsandshallinnowaybereadorunderstoodtohaveanylegalimplicationswhatsoever.4|TRADEPOLICYTOOLSFORCLIMATEACTIONEventhoughtradeisindispensableforbothclimatechangemitigationandadaptation,ithastoooftenbeenoverlookedintheglobalresponsetotheclimatecrisis.ThisissettochangeatCOP28where,underthepresidencyoftheUnitedArabEmirates,tradewillfeatureprominentlyontheagenda.Thetimingcouldnotbemoreopportune.TheUnitedNations’authoritative‘globalstocktake’aheadofCOP28demonstratesthatnationalpledgestocutglobalgreenhousegasemissionsremainwellshortofwhatisrequiredtoavoidtheworsteffectsofclimatechangeinlinewiththe2015ParisAgreement.Atthesametime,however,thetrillionsofdollars’worthofinvestmentsnecessaryforthelow-carbontransitionintheyearsanddecadesaheadnowfacesubstantiallyhigherborrowingcostsduetotherun-upinglobalinterestrates.Againstthisbackdrop,tradeoffersatoolfordeliveringgreateremissionsreductionsforeachdollarspent.Inlinewiththe...