1 Review of Solutions to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Security Mark Z. Jacobson Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4020, USA; Email: jacobson@stanford.edu; Tel: (650) 723-6836 Energy and Environmental Science Supplementary Information Appendix Derivation of results used for this study. Energy required for vehicles Low case High case A1(S1) 2007 onroad vehicle miles traveled in the U.S. (mi/yr) 3.237E+12 3.237E+12 A2 (S2) Total onroad vehicle fleet mileage (mpg) 1.711E+01 1.711E+01 A3=A1/A2 Gallons of fuel (gas+diesel) used (gal/yr) 1.892E+11 1.892E+11 A4 Lower heating value gasoline (MJ/kg) 4.400E+01 4.400E+01 A5 Gasoline density (kg/m3) 7.500E+02 7.500E+02 A6 Gallons per cubic meter (gal/m3) 2.642E+02 2.642E+02 A7=A4*A5/A6 Energy stored in gasoline (MJ/gal) 1.249E+02 1.249E+02 A8=A3*A7 Energy needed to power gasoline vehicles (MJ/yr) 2.363E+13 2.363E+13 A9 (S2) Gasoline vehicle efficiency (fraction) 1.600E-01 1.800E-01 A10=A8*A9 Net energy to power U.S. onroad vehicles (MJ/yr) 3.781E+12 4.254E+12 A11 MJ per kWh 3.600E+00 3.600E+00 A12=A10/A11 Net energy to power U.S. onroad vehicles (kWh/yr) 1.050E+12 1.182E+12 U.S. and world CO2 emissions B1 (S3) U.S. onroad vehicle CO2 2007 (MT-CO2/yr) 1.466E+03 1.466E+03 B2 (S3) U.S. other-vehicle CO2 (MT-CO2/yr) 4.696E+02 4.696E+02 B3 (S4) U.S. coal-electricity CO2 2007 (MT-CO2/yr) 1.958E+03 1.958E+03 B4 (S4) U.S. natural gas-electricity CO2 (MT-CO2/yr) 3.618E+02 3.618E+02 B5 (S4) U.S. oil electricity CO2 (MT-CO2/yr) 5.450E+01 5.450E+01 B5 (S4) U.S. non-elect, non-transport. CO2 (MT-CO2/yr) 1.661E+03 1.661E+03 B6=B1+B2+B3+B4+B5 U.S. total fossil CO2 2007 (MT-CO2/yr) 5.971E+03 5.971E+03 B7 (S5) World total CO2 2007 (MT-...
