RMI–Energy.Transformed.FACTBOOKZero-EmissionVehiclePolicyHowSupply-SidePoliciesCanImpactZero-EmissionVehicleInvestmentAuthors:HannahLindsell,MarieMcNamara,RaquelSoat,ClayStrangerAcknowledgments:InternationalCouncilonCleanTransportation,DriveElectricCampaignRMIvaluescollaborationandaimstoacceleratetheenergytransitionthroughsharingknowledgeandinsights.Wethereforeallowinterestedpartiestoreference,share,andciteourworkthroughtheCreativeCommonsCCBY-SA4.0license.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/.AllimagesusedarefromiStock.com,Shutterstock.com,andAdobeStock.comunlessotherwisenoted.RMI–Energy.Transformed.01ExecutiveSummary02PolicyContextandDefinitions03PolicyAnalysis04ZEVSalesandManufacturingTrends05Supply-SidePoliciesandTheirImportance06PolicyMotivators07HowPolicyShapesZEVMarkets08MobilizingZEVFinancing09Conclusion10AppendixA:PolicyGapAnalysisMethodTableofContents2RMI–Energy.Transformed.•ACC–AdvancedCleanCars•ACCII–AdvancedCleanCarsII•BEV–batteryelectricvehicle•BS–BharatStage•CAFE–CorporateAverageFuelEconomy•CAFC–CorporateAverageFuelConsumption•CARB–CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard•EV–electricvehicle•FAME–FasterAdoptionandManufacturingofHybridandElectricVehicles•FCEV–fuelcellelectricvehicleAcronyms•GHG–greenhousegas•ICE–internalcombustionengine•IIJA–InfrastructureInvestmentandJobsAct•IRA–InflationReductionAct•LEV–lowemissionsvehicle•LEZ–low-emissionszone•NEV–NewEnergyVehicle•NOx–nitrogenoxides•OEM–originalequipmentmanufacturer•PHEV–plug-inhybridelectricvehicle•PM–particulatematter•R&D–researchanddevelopment•SOx–sulfuroxides•TCO–totalcostofownership•VAT–valueaddedtax•ZEV–zero-emissionvehicle•ZEZ–zero-emissionzone3RMI–Energy.Transformed.Inscalingthemanufacturingofzero-emissionvehicles(ZEVs),policyplaysacrucialroleindrivingmarketgrowthandindustrytransformation.Thisdocumentprovidesdetailed:A.Policygapanalysisoffocalgeographies/countries:theEuropeanUnion,Australia,Brazil,China,India,Indonesia,SouthAfrica,andtheUnitedStates.B.Analysisofinteractionsbetweenregulatorymeasures,fiscalpolicies,andthemobilizationoffinancingtoincreaseZEVmanufacturing.C.Lessonslearnedandbestpracticesexhibitedthroughcasestudies.01EXECUTIVESUMMARY4RMI–Energy.Transformed.CountriesexhibitvaryingdegreesofpolicysupportforZEVmanufacturing.Thesepoliciesspanabroadspectrum,withsomecountries/regionsofferingminimalassistancewhileothersimplementrobustsupply-anddemand-sidepolicies.Countries/regionsutilizedifferentcombinationsofsupply-sidepoliciesandsupportivedemand-sidepoliciestoencourageZEVmanufacturingandadoption.Policiesvaryacrosscountriesgivencountry-specificcontext(i.e.,historyofmanufacturing),geopoliticaldynamics,anddomesticpoliticalcontext.Themappresentsapolicyanalysisusingatrafficlightgradingsystem,indicatingtheeffectivenessofZEVpolicies.ThegradingisbasedonhowwellthesepoliciessupportZEVsupplyanddemandtoencouragerapidadoption.PolicyGapAnalysisNote:Theoverallratingwasgreenwhenacountyorregionreceived4of8greenratingsacrossallpolicycategories,asshownonslide6.SeeAppendixAforthemethodologyutilizedtoidentifyoverallcolorcodingforeachcountry/region.5RMI–Energy.Transformed.Thepolicygapanalysispresentsahigh-levelassessmentofsupply-anddemand-sidepoliciessupportingZEVadoptionandmanufacturingineachcountry/region.Anin-depthcompilationofthisanalysiscanbefoundinthe...
