JUNE2021TRACKINGSUBNATIONALPROGRESSTOWARDCARBONNEUTRALITYINTHEU.S.ANDCHINATheCalifornia-ChinaClimateInstituteNovember2023iREPORTAUTHORSFredrichKahrl*,JessicaGordon*,FanDai*andJieHan◊*California-ChinaClimateInstitute,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley◊UniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleyABOUTTHECALIFORNIA-CHINACLIMATEINSTITUTETheCalifornia-ChinaClimateInstitutewaslaunchedinSeptember2019andisaUniversityofCalifornia-wideinitiativehousedjointlyatUCBerkeley’sSchoolofLawandtheRausserCollegeofNaturalResources.ItisChairedbyJerryBrown,formerGovernoroftheStateofCalifornia,andVice-ChairedbytheformerChairoftheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardMaryNichols.TheInstitutealsoworkscloselywithotherUniversityofCaliforniacampuses,departmentsandleaders.Throughjointresearch,traininganddialogueinandbetweenCaliforniaandChina,thisInstituteaimstoinformpolicymakers,fostercooperationandpartnershipanddriveclimatesolutionsatalllevels.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTheauthorswouldliketothankthefollowingreviewersforhelpfulcomments:MichaelDavidson(UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego),HeGang(BaruchCollege,CityUniversityofNewYork,NinaKhanna(LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory),HongyouLu(LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory),andJimWilliams(UniversityofSanFrancisco).iiCONTENTSAcknowledgementsiAcronymandAbbreviationListiiiExecutiveSummaryv1Background12CarbonNeutralityIndicatorsandMilestones23TrackingProgress:2000-202173.1ElectricityGeneration73.2CentralizedHeatSupply123.3Buildings133.4Industry173.5Transportation213.6Forestry253.7EnergyIntensity293.8CO₂Intensity323.9EnergyandCO₂IntensityTrendsVis-à-Vis2035Milestones354Conclusions385References40AppendixA:MilestoneCalculations43A.1Electricity44A.2Buildings45A.3Industry46A.4Transportation46A.5Forestry49AppendixB:DataSourcesandPreparationB.1U.S.Data51B.2ChinaData51iiiBEABureauofEconomicAnalysisCECCaliforniaEnergyCommissionCECChinaElectricityCouncilCESCleanEnergyStandardsCEYEBChinaEnergyYearbookEditorialBoardCHPCombinedHeatandPowerCO2CarbonDioxideDOEDepartmentofEnergyEIAEnergyInformationAgencyEPAEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyETSEmissionsTradingSystemEVElectricVehicleFHAFederalHighwayAdministrationFIAFoodInventoryandAnalysisGDPGrossDomesticProductGSPGrossStateProductGWGigawatthaHectareICCTInternationalCouncilforCleanTransportationIEAInternationalEnergyAgencyIRAInflationReductionActLDVLight-dutyVehicleLPGLiquifiedPetroleumGasMIITMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyMOHURDMinistryofHousingandUrbanRuralDevelopmentMOUMemorandumofUnderstandingNBSNationalBureauofStatisticsNEANationalEnergyAdministrationNEVNewEnergyVehicleNDRCNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionAcronymandAbbreviationListivNRELNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryPJPetajoulesPHEVPlug-inHybridElectricVehicleRFSRenewableFuelStandardRPSRenewablePortfolioStandardSEPSStateEnergyDataSystemsSFAStateForestAdministrationofChinatceTonsCoalEquivalentU.S.UnitedStatesUSDAUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricultureUSFSUnitedStatesForestServiceZEVZeroEmissionsVehiclem3/ha-yCubicMetersperHectareperYearAcronymandAbbreviationList(cont’d)vEXECUTIVESUMMARYTheUnitedStates(U.S.)andChinahavesetambitioustargetsforcarbonneutrality–reducingcarbondioxide(CO₂)emissionstonetzerolevelsby2050and2060,respectively.Implementationofpoliciestomeetthesetargetswilltakeplaceatasubnationallevel,withinU.S.statesandChineseprovinces.Howcangovernmentsandnon-governmentalorganizations...