GEOPOLITICS OF THE ENERGY TRANSITION CRITICAL MATERIALSco-operationclimatestandardstradeglobalvalue creationresilientresponsibletransparentminingsupply chaininnovationchangechangeeconomy stockpilingmarketsefficiencyriskmineralsmetalslabourresourcerightsrightsrisklabourinclusioncorporationshuman securityfuturelithiumcobaltnickelsupplydemandcopperinnovationMNCdemandABOUT IRENAThe International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future. It serves as the principal platform for international co-operation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. www.irena.org© IRENA 2023Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA as the source and copyright holder. Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions, and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before any use of such material.ISBN: 978-92-9260-539-1CITATION: IRENA (2023), Geopolitics of the energy transition: Critical materials, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.For further information or to provide feedback: publications@irena.orgThis report is available for download: www.irena.org/publicationsDISCLAIMERThis pub...
