大规模电力储能（英文版）--The ROYAL SOCIETY免费下载

Large-scale electricity storage2 LARGE-SCALE ELECTRICITY STORAGELarge-scale electricity storage Issued: September 2023 DES8702ISBN: 978-1-78252-666-7 © The Royal SocietyThe text of this work is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.The license is available at: creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0Images are not covered by this license.This report can be viewed online at: royalsociety.org/electricity-storageCover image: © iStock.com / Bjoern Wylezich.LARGE-SCALE ELECTRICITY STORAGE 3ContentsExecutive summary 5Major conclusions 5Modelling the need for storage 6Storage technologies 6Average cost of electricity with all large-scale storage provided by hydrogen 7Addition of other types of store 7Market and governance issues 7Caveats and avenues for further work 7Chapter one: Introduction 91.1 Scope of this report 91.2 Supply and demand in a net zero context 91.3 Storage 111.4 Cost considerations 15Chapter two: Electricity demand and supply in the net zero era 162.1 Introduction 162.2 Future electricity demand in Great Britain 172.3 Weather, wind and sun 172.4 Matching demand and direct wind and solar supply 192.5 Residual demand, energy and power 232.6 Generating costs 272.7 Demand management 28Chapter three: Modelling the need for storage 293.1 Introduction 293.2 Modelling and costing with a single type of store 293.3 Modelling and costing with several types of store 32Chapter four: Green hydrogen and ammonia as storage media 344.1 Introduction 344.2 Hydrogen and ammonia production 344.3 Transport 384.4 Storage 384.5 Electricity generation 414.6 Safety 444.7 Climate impact 44Chapter five: Non-chemical and thermal energy...